Trialect

Active

2D and 3D cultures to study respiratory viruses

University of Verona

We propose the following programme option:

2-week Program: This program offers a brief yet insightful experience into our research areas. It's suited for those seeking an introduction to our research methodologies and lab environment, bridging the gap between initial exploration and in-depth research training.
Intensive Research Training (6-12 Weeks): For a comprehensive and immersive experience in research techniques, the 6–12-week programs are recommended. These programs provide extensive hands-on training, allowing for deep involvement in our research areas and experimental techniques.

The project is oriented on the development of pseudotyped respiratory virus particles with different post-translational modification patterns to infect different ell types, including 2D and 3D cultures.

Main Areas of Interest

My research interest focuses on the co-pathogen and host-pathogen molecular interactions, anti-viral immune response and setting up of in-vitro systems to study pathogenesis of different viruses.

Research areas:
1- study of the PTM modifications in the contest of respiratory viruses (funded by EU-PRIN2022)
2- anti-SARS-CoV-2 immune response in HIV-infected individuals (funded by Roche Diagnostics)
3- anti-HBV immunity (funded by Roche pRED)

Techniques You Will Learn

Advanced Cell Culture Techniques: Gain hands-on experience in 2D and 3D cell culture using various cell types.
Molecular and Cellular Biology: Master techniques such as gene silencing, overexpression, cell viability/toxicity assays.
Immunological and Microscopy Techniques: Develop skills in ELISA, cell-based ELISA, flow cytometry, fluorescence/confocal microscopy, Trasmission Electronic Microscopy.

Curriculum

Alessandra Ruggiero: https://orcid.org/my-orcid?orcid=0000-0002-1041-7489

Currently, I am an Assistant Professor at the University of Verona in molecular Virology and OMICS technologies, meanwhile covering an honorary position as senior researcher at the University of Liverpool.

My research interest focuses on the co-pathogen and host-pathogen molecular interactions, anti-viral immune response and setting up of in-vitro systems to study pathogenesis of different viruses. Skilled in Category 3 lab, cell culture and lentiviral vectors, Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR), Sequencing, Molecular Biology, Multiplex Assays, ELISA, Scientific Writing, Project Management (PMP course at the PMI). Experience in managing projects in resources-limited countries.

My group is currently composed by 1 post-doc, 1 PhD, 1 master and 1 bachelor students, alongside 1 technician.
My current research includes:
1- study of the PTM modifications in the contest of respiratory viruses (funded by PRIN2022)
2- anti-SARS-CoV-2 immune response in HIV-infected individuals (funded by Roche Diagnostics)
3- anti-HBV immunity (funded by Roche pRED)

My previous experience
I obtained my bachelor and Master in Italy, University of Rome "La Sapienza". I then moved to UK where I obtained my PhD (2016) - University of Liverpool, in collaboration with University of Gent and Komfo Hospital in Ghana. I worked as postdoc in Liverpool (2016-2018) on an H2020 project on HIV-1 reservoir and on a FL4 (Eu-funds) project on virus-host interactions. Following this period, I had maternity break and I move back to Italy to work as Postdoctoral Research Fellow at the Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù working in paediatric HIV immunology and vaccinology.

My metrics:
H-index = 13
total citations = 1371
total paper (since 2015) = 38

PUBLICATIONS LIST

(*= equally contributing)

Ferrari, L.*, Ruggiero, A.*, Stefani, C. et al. Utility of accessible SARS-CoV-2 specific immunoassays in vaccinated adults with a history of advanced HIV infection. Sci Rep 14, 8337 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-58597-4
Bombieri C, Corsi A, Trabetti E, Ruggiero A, Marchetto G, Vattemi G, Valenti M.T., Zipeto D, Romanelli M.G. Advanced Cellular Models for Rare Disease Study: Exploring Neural, Muscle and Skeletal Organoids. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 1014. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25021014.
Fantoni T, Bissoli M, Stefani C, Voi M, Dabija A, Casula R, Minafra DL, da Fonseca Palmeira J, Argañaraz ER, Mayora-Neto M, Temperton NJ, Zipeto D, Ruggiero A. Pseudotyped Viruses As a Molecular Tool to Monitor Humoral Immune Responses Against SARS-CoV-2 Via Neutralization Assay. J Vis Exp. 2023 Nov 21;(201). doi: 10.3791/65658. PMID: 38078607.
Donnellan S*, Pennington SH*, Ruggiero A*, Martinez-Rodriguez C, Pouget M, Thomas J, Ward SA, Pollakis G, Biagini GA, Paxton WA. A quantitative method for the study of HIV-1 and Mycobacterium tuberculosis co-infection. J Infect Dis. 2023 Mar 1;227(5):708-713. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiac491. PMID: 36537213; PMCID: PMC9978310.
Piubelli C*, Ruggiero A*, Calciano L, Mazzi C, Castilletti C, Tiberti N, Caldrer S, Verzè M, Longoni SS, Accordini S, Bisoffi Z, Zipeto D. Subjects who developed SARS-CoV-2 specific IgM after vaccination show a longer humoral immunity and a lower frequency of infection. EBioMedicine. 2023 Feb 13;89:104471. doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104471. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 36796232; PMCID: PMC9925293.
Stefani C, Fantoni T, Bissoli M, Thomas J, Ruggiero A (last & corresponding). HIV and SARS-CoV-2 Co-Infection: From Population Study Evidence to In Vitro Studies. Life (Basel). 2022 Dec 13;12(12):2089. doi: 10.3390/life12122089. PMID: 36556453; PMCID: PMC9781275.
Stefani C, Sangalli A, Locatelli E, Federico T, Malerba G, Romanelli MG, Argañaraz GA, Da Silva BCM, Da Silva AJD, Casseb J, Argañaraz ER, Ruggiero A, Zipeto D. Increased Prevalence of Unstable HLA-C Variants in HIV-1 Rapid-Progressor Patients. Int J Mol Sci. 2022 Nov 27;23(23):14852. doi: 10.3390/ijms232314852. PMID: 36499177; PMCID: PMC9741376.
Siracusano G, Ruggiero A, Bisoffi Z, Piubelli C, Carbonare LD, Valenti MT, Mayora-Neto M, Temperton N, Lopalco L, Zipeto D. Different decay of antibody response and VOC sensitivity in naïve and previously infected subjects at 15 weeks following vaccination with BNT162b2. J Transl Med. 2022 Jan 8;20(1):22. doi: 10.1186/s12967-021-03208-3. PMID: 34998405; PMCID: PMC8742572.
Morrocchi E, Pighi C, Pascucci GR, Cotugno N, Medri C, Amodio D, Colagrossi L, Ruggiero A, Manno EC, Tumeo CC, Bernardi S, Smolen KK, Perno CF, Ozonoff A, Rossi P, Levy O, Palma P. Perinatally HIV-infected adolescents and young adults demonstrate distinct BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine immunogenicity. Clin Infect Dis. 2022 Jun 23:ciac408. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciac408. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 35738253; PMCID: PMC9278233.
Domínguez-Rodríguez S, Tagarro A, Foster C, Palma P, Cotugno N, Zicari S, Ruggiero A, de Rossi A, Dalzini A, Pahwa S, Rinaldi S, Nastouli E, Marcelin AG, Dorgham K, Sauce D, Gartner K, Rossi P, Giaquinto C, Rojo P. Clinical, Virological and Immunological Subphenotypes in a Cohort of Early Treated HIV-Infected Children. Front Immunol. 2022 May 3;13:875692. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.875692. PMID: 35592310; PMCID: PMC9111748.
Ruggiero A*, Pascucci GR*, Cotugno N*, Domínguez-Rodríguez S, Rinaldi S, Tagarro A, Rojo P, Foster C, Bamford A, De Rossi A, Nastouli E, Klein N, Morrocchi E, Fatou B, Smolen KK, Ozonoff A, Di Pastena M, Luzuriaga K, Steen H, Giaquinto C, Goulder P, Rossi P, Levy O, Pahwa S, Palma P; EPIICAL Consortium. Determinants of B-Cell Compartment Hyperactivation in European Adolescents Living With Perinatally Acquired HIV-1 After Over 10 Years of Suppressive Therapy. Front Immunol. 2022 Mar 31;13:860418. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.860418. PMID: 35432380; PMCID: PMC9009387.
McKay LGA, Thomas J, Albalawi W, Fattaccioli A, Dieu M, Ruggiero A, McKeating JA, Ball JK, Tarr AW, Renard P, Pollakis G, Paxton WA. The HCV Envelope Glycoprotein Down-Modulates NF-κB Signalling and Associates With Stimulation of the Host Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Pathway. Front Immunol. 2022 Mar 15;13:831695. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.831695. PMID: 35371105; PMCID: PMC8964954.
Ruggiero A, Piubelli C, Calciano L, Accordini S, Valenti MT, Carbonare LD, Siracusano G, Temperton N, Tiberti N, Longoni SS, Pizzato M, Accordini S; A.M.S.L.V. group, Fantoni T, Lopalco L, Beretta A, Bisoffi Z, Zipeto D. SARS-CoV-2 vaccination elicits unconventional IgM specific responses in naïve and previously COVID-19-infected individuals. EBioMedicine. 2022 Mar;77:103888. doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.103888. Epub 2022 Feb 20. PMID: 35196644; PMCID: PMC8858081.
Cotugno N*, Pighi C*, Morrocchi E*, Ruggiero A*, Amodio D, Medri C, Colagrossi L, Russo C, Di Cesare S, Santilli V, Manno EC, Zangari P, Giancotta C, Bernardi S, Nicolosi L, Ciofi Degli Atti M, Raponi M, Zaffina S, Alfieri S, Kirk R, Perno CF, Rossi P, Amodeo A, Palma P. BNT162B2 mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine in Heart and Lung Transplanted Young Adults: Is an Alternative SARS-CoV-2 Immune Response Surveillance Needed? Transplantation. 2022 Feb 1;106(2):e158-e160. doi: 10.1097/TP.0000000000003999. PMID: 34954734.
Malatinkova E, Thomas J, De Spiegelaere W, Rutsaert S, Geretti AM, Pollakis G, Paxton WA, Vandekerckhove L, Ruggiero A (last and corresponding). Measuring Proviral HIV-1 DNA: Hurdles and Improvements to an Assay Monitoring Integration Events Utilising Human Alu Repeat Sequences. Life (Basel). 2021 Dec 16;11(12):1410. doi: 10.3390/life11121410. PMID: 34947941
Dalzini A, Ballin G, Dominguez-Rodriguez S, Rojo P, Petrara MR, Foster C, Cotugno N, Ruggiero A, Nastouli E, Klein N, Rinaldi S, Pahwa S, Rossi P, Giaquinto C, Palma P, De Rossi A; EPIICAL Consortium. Size of HIV-1 reservoir is associated with telomere shortening and immunosenescence in early-treated European children with perinatally acquired HIV-1. J Int AIDS Soc. 2021 Nov;24(11):e25847. doi: 10.1002/jia2.25847. PMID: 34797948 Free PMC article.
Cotugno N*, Ruggiero A*, Pascucci GR, Bonfante F, Petrara MR, Pighi C, Cifaldi L, Zangari P, Bernardi S, Cursi L, Santilli V, Manno EC, Amodio D, Linardos G, Piccioni L, Barbieri MA, Perrotta D, Campana A, Donà D, Giaquinto C, Concato C, Brodin P, Rossi P, De Rossi A, Palma P. Virological and immunological features of SARS-COV-2 infected children with distinct symptomatology. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2021 Nov;32(8):1833-1842. doi: 10.1111/pai.13585. Epub 2021 Jul 16. PubMed PMID: 34174102; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC8420243.
Amodio D*, Ruggiero A*, Sgrulletti M, Pighi C, Cotugno N, Medri C, Morrocchi E, Colagrossi L, Russo C, Zaffina S, Di Matteo G, Cifaldi C, Di Cesare S, Rivalta B, Pacillo L, Santilli V, Giancotta C, Manno EC, Ciofi Degli Atti M, Raponi M, Rossi P, Finocchi A, Cancrini C, Perno CF, Moschese V, Palma P. Humoral and Cellular Response Following Vaccination With the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine in Patients Affected by Primary Immunodeficiencies. Front Immunol. 2021;12:727850. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.727850. eCollection 2021. PubMed PMID: 34671350; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC8521226.
Piano Mortari E, Russo C, Vinci MR, Terreri S, Fernandez Salinas A, Piccioni L, Alteri C, Colagrossi L, Coltella L, Ranno S, Linardos G, Agosta M, Albano C, Agrati C, Castilletti C, Meschi S, Romania P, Roscilli G, Pavoni E, Camisa V, Santoro A, Brugaletta R, Magnavita N, Ruggiero A, Cotugno N, Amodio D, Ciofi Degli Atti ML, Giorgio D, Russo N, Salvatori G, Corsetti T, Locatelli F, Perno CF, Zaffina S, Carsetti R. Highly Specific Memory B Cells Generation after the 2nd Dose of BNT162b2 Vaccine Compensate for the Decline of Serum Antibodies and Absence of Mucosal IgA. Cells. 2021 Sep 26;10(10). doi: 10.3390/cells10102541. PubMed PMID: 34685521; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC8533837.
Doria M, Zicari S, Cotugno N, Domínguez-Rodríguez S, Ruggiero A, Pascucci GR, Tagarro A, Rojo Conejo P, Nastouli E, Gärtner K, Cameron M, Richardson B, Foster C, Williams SL, Rinaldi S, De Rossi A, Giaquinto C, Rossi P, Pahwa S, Palma P. Early ART initiation during infancy preserves natural killer cells in young European adolescents living with HIV (CARMA cohort). J Int AIDS Soc. 2021 Jul;24(7):e25717. doi: 10.1002/jia2.25717. PubMed PMID: 34235857; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC8264399.
Zaffina S, Alteri C, Ruggiero A, Cotugno N, Vinci MR, Camisa V, Santoro AP, Brugaletta R, Deriu G, Piano Mortari E, Fernandez Salinas A, Russo C, Ranno S, Coltella L, Colagrossi L, Porzio O, Onetti Muda A, Raponi M, Ciofi Degli Atti M, Rizzo C, Villani A, Rossi P, Palma P, Carsetti R, Perno CF. Induction of immune response after SARS-CoV-2 mRNA BNT162b2 vaccination in healthcare workers. J Virus Erad. 2021 Jun;7(2):100046. doi: 10.1016/j.jve.2021.100046. Epub 2021 May 19. PubMed PMID: 34026245; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC8131184.
Cotugno N*, Ruggiero A*, Bonfante F*, Petrara MR, Zicari S, Pascucci GR, Zangari P, De Ioris MA, Santilli V, Manno EC, Amodio D, Bortolami A, Pagliari M, Concato C, Linardos G, Campana A, Donà D, Giaquinto C, Brodin P, Rossi P, De Rossi A, Palma P. Virological and immunological features of SARS-CoV-2-infected children who develop neutralizing antibodies. Cell Rep. 2021 Mar 16;34(11):108852. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108852. PubMed PMID: 33730580; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC7962998.
Pouget M, Coussens AK, Ruggiero A, Koch A, Thomas J, Besra GS, Wilkinson RJ, Bhatt A, Pollakis G, Paxton WA. Generation of Liposomes to Study the Effect of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Lipids on HIV-1 cis- and trans-Infections. Int J Mol Sci.2021 Feb 16;22(4). doi: 10.3390/ijms22041945. PubMed PMID: 33669411; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC7920488.
Prozzillo Y, Fattorini G, Santopietro MV, Suglia L, Ruggiero A, Ferreri D, Messina G.Targeted Protein Degradation Tools: Overview and Future Perspectives. Biology (Basel). 2020 Nov 26;9(12). doi: 10.3390/biology9120421. Review. PubMed PMID: 33256092; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC7761331.
Consiglio CR, Cotugno N, Sardh F, Pou C, Amodio D, Rodriguez L, Tan Z, Zicari S, Ruggiero A, Pascucci GR, Santilli V, Campbell T, Bryceson Y, Eriksson D, Wang J, Marchesi A, Lakshmikanth T, Campana A, Villani A, Rossi P, Landegren N, Palma P, Brodin P. The Immunology of Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children with COVID-19. Cell. 2020 Nov 12;183(4):968-981.e7. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.09.016. Epub 2020 Sep 6. PubMed PMID: 32966765; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC7474869.
Cotugno N, Santilli V, Pascucci GR, Manno EC, De Armas L, Pallikkuth S, Deodati A, Amodio D, Zangari P, Zicari S, Ruggiero A, Fortin M, Bromley C, Pahwa R, Rossi P, Pahwa S, Palma P. Artificial Intelligence Applied to in vitro Gene Expression Testing (IVIGET) to Predict Trivalent Inactivated Influenza Vaccine Immunogenicity in HIV Infected Children. Front Immunol. 2020;11:559590. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.559590. eCollection 2020. PubMed PMID: 33123133; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC7569088.
Cotugno N, Zicari S, Morrocchi E, de Armas LR, Pallikkuth S, Rinaldi S, Ruggiero A, Manno EC, Zangari P, Chiriaco M, Bernardi S, Andrews SF, Cagigi A, Rossi P, McDermott AB, Pahwa S, Palma P. Higher PIK3C2B gene expression of H1N1+ specific B-cells is associated with lower H1N1 immunogenicity after trivalent influenza vaccination in HIV infected children. Clin Immunol. 2020 Jun;215:108440. doi: 10.1016/j.clim.2020.108440. Epub 2020 Apr 21. PubMed PMID: 32330555.
Thomas J, Ruggiero A, Paxton WA, Pollakis G. Measuring the Success of HIV-1 Cure Strategies. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2020;10:134. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00134. eCollection 2020. Review. PubMed PMID: 32318356; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC7154081.
Cotugno N*, Ruggiero A*, Santilli V*, Manno EC, Rocca S, Zicari S, Amodio D, Colucci M, Rossi P, Levy O, Martinon-Torres F, Pollard AJ, Palma P. OMIC Technologies and Vaccine Development: From the Identification of Vulnerable Individuals to the Formulation of Invulnerable Vaccines. J Immunol Res. 2019;2019:8732191. doi: 10.1155/2019/8732191. eCollection 2019. Review. PubMed PMID: 31183393; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6512027.
Zicari S, Sessa L, Cotugno N, Ruggiero A, Morrocchi E, Concato C, Rocca S, Zangari P, Manno EC, Palma P. Immune Activation, Inflammation, and Non-AIDS Co-Morbidities in HIV-Infected Patients under Long-Term ART. Viruses. 2019 Feb 27;11(3). doi: 10.3390/v11030200. Review. PubMed PMID: 30818749; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6466530.
Thomas J, Ruggiero A, Procopio FA, Pantaleo G, Paxton WA, Pollakis G. Comparative analysis and generation of a robust HIV-1 DNA quantification assay. J Virol Methods.2019 Jan;263:24-31. doi: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2018.10.010. Epub 2018 Oct 13. PubMed PMID: 30326210.
Villa G, Phillips RO, Smith C, Stockdale AJ, Ruggiero A, Beloukas A, Appiah LT, Chadwick D, Sarfo FS, Geretti AM. Drug resistance outcomes of long-term ART with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in the absence of virological monitoring. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2018 Nov 1;73(11):3148-3157. doi: 10.1093/jac/dky281. PubMed PMID: 30032305; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6198639.
Villa G, Phillips RO, Smith C, Stockdale AJ, Beloukas A, Appiah LT, Chadwick D, Ruggiero A, Sarfo FS, Post F, Geretti AM. Renal health after long-term exposure to tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) in HIV/HBV positive adults in Ghana. J Infect. 2018 Jun;76(6):515-521. doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2018.03.001. Epub 2018 Apr 24. PubMed PMID: 29702139.
Banga R, Procopio FA, Ruggiero A, Noto A, Ohmiti K, Cavassini M, Corpataux JM, Paxton WA, Pollakis G, Perreau M. Blood CXCR3+ CD4 T Cells Are Enriched in Inducible Replication Competent HIV in Aviremic Antiretroviral Therapy-Treated Individuals.Front Immunol. 2018;9:144. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00144. eCollection 2018. PubMed PMID: 29459864; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5807378.
Ruggiero A, Cozzi-Lepri A, Beloukas A, Richman D, Khoo S, Phillips A, Geretti AM.Factors Associated With Persistence of Plasma HIV-1 RNA During Long-term Continuously Suppressive Firstline Antiretroviral Therapy. Open Forum Infect Dis.2018 Feb;5(2):ofy032. doi: 10.1093/ofid/ofy032. eCollection 2018 Feb. PubMed PMID: 29507867; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5825920.
Ruggiero A*, Malatinkova E*, Rutsaert S, Paxton W, Vandekerckhove L, De Spiegelaere W. Utility of integrated HIV-1 DNA quantification in cure studies. Future Virology 2017, 12(4), 215-225. doi:10.2217/fvl-2016-0130.
Stockdale AJ, Phillips RO, Geretti AM. The gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase to platelet ratio (GPR) shows poor correlation with transient elastography measurements of liver fibrosis in HIV-positive patients with chronic hepatitis B in West Africa. Response to: 'The gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase to platelet ratio (GPR) predicts significant liver fibrosis and cirrhosis in patients with chronic HBV infection in West Africa' by Lemoine et al. Gut. 2016 May;65(5):882-4. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2015-311133. Epub 2016 Jan 4. PubMed PMID: 26729296; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4853561.
Ruggiero A, De Spiegelaere W, Cozzi-Lepri A, Kiselinova M, Pollakis G, Beloukas A, Vandekerckhove L, Strain M, Richman D, Phillips A, Geretti AM. During Stably Suppressive Antiretroviral Therapy Integrated HIV-1 DNA Load in Peripheral Blood is Associated with the Frequency of CD8 Cells Expressing HLA-DR/DP/DQ. EBioMedicine.2015 Sep;2(9):1153-9. doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2015.07.025. eCollection 2015 Sep. PubMed PMID: 26498496; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4588402.

Accommodation

Accommodations

Can be arranged within the campus at no expenses (servizio foresteria: https://www.esu.vr.it/amm-trasparente/servizio-abitativo-foresteria/).

Fees and Program Logistics

This program has the following durations available:

Duration	Fee
2 weeks	$875.00
6 weeks	$2,250.00
12 weeks	$3,750.00

This program allows Merit Applications. This program allows merit-based applications for virtual and onsite clinical and research programs. If you are successfully awarded under this category, Trialect or the host mentor will cover the tuition fee only. All applications will be evaluated based on merit. Due to the high level of competition, the chances of being selected under the merit category are quite limited.

Who Can Apply

Previous experience with cell culture will be a plus, but we also accept students with scarce lab experience.

Host Details

Host Name: Alessandra Ruggiero

Affiliation: University of Verona

Address: Strada le Grazie 8, 37134 Verona, Italy

Website URL:

Disclaimer:It is mandatory that all applicants carry workplace liability insurance, e.g., https://www.protrip-world-liability.com (Erasmus students use this package and typically costs around 5 € per month - please check) in addition to health insurance when you join any of the onsite Trialect partnered fellowships.

Legal & Affiliation Disclaimer

Affiliation Disclaimer: Trialect operates independently and is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or supported by any sponsors or organizations posting on the GrantsBoard platform. As an independent aggregator of publicly available funding opportunities, Trialect provides equal access to information for all users without endorsing any specific funding source, content, organization, or sponsor. Trialect assumes no responsibility for the content posted by sponsors or third parties.

Subscription Disclaimer: Upon logging into Trialect, you may choose to SUBSCRIBE to GrantsBoard for timely notifications of funding opportunities and to access exclusive benefits, such as priority alerts, reminders, personalized recommendations, and additional application support. However, users are advised to contact sponsors directly for any questions and are not required to subscribe to engage with funding opportunities.

Content Ownership and Copyright Disclaimer: Trialect respects the intellectual property rights of all organizations and individuals. All content posted on GrantsBoard is provided solely for informational purposes and remains the property of the original owners. Trialect does not claim ownership of, nor does it have any proprietary interest in, content provided by third-party sponsors. Users are encouraged to verify content and ownership directly with the posting sponsor.

Fair Use Disclaimer: The information and content available on GrantsBoard are compiled from publicly accessible sources in alignment with fair use principles under U.S. copyright law. Trialect serves as an aggregator of this content, offering it to users in good faith and with the understanding that it is available for public dissemination. Any organization or individual who believes their intellectual property rights have been violated is encouraged to contact us for prompt resolution.

Third-Party Posting Responsibility Disclaimer: Trialect is a neutral platform that allows third-party sponsors to post funding opportunities for informational purposes only. Sponsors are solely responsible for ensuring that their postings comply with copyright, trademark, and other intellectual property laws. Trialect assumes no liability for any copyright or intellectual property infringements in third-party content and will take appropriate action to address any substantiated claims.

Accuracy and Verification Disclaimer: Trialect makes no warranties regarding the accuracy, completeness, or reliability of the information provided by sponsors. Users are advised to verify the details of any funding opportunity directly with the sponsor before taking action. Trialect cannot be held liable for any discrepancies, omissions, or inaccuracies in third-party postings.

Notice and Takedown Policy: Trialect is committed to upholding copyright law and protecting the rights of intellectual property owners. If you believe that content on GrantsBoard infringes your copyright or intellectual property rights, please contact us with detailed information about the claim. Upon receipt of a valid notice, Trialect will promptly investigate and, where appropriate, remove or disable access to the infringing content.